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Despite its illustrious history, as of 2009 Timbuktu was an impoverished town, poor even by Third World standards. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] The population grew an average 5.7% per year from 29,732 in 1998 to 54,453 in 2009. [ 77 ]
The city is situated nine miles from the Niger River, making for good agricultural land. Its position near the edge of the Sahara Desert made it a hub for trans-Saharan trade routes. Timbuktu also acts as a midpoint between the regions of North, West, and Central Africa. Because of this, Timbuktu developed into a cultural melting pot.
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Famine in German East Africa: German East Africa: 300,000: 1917–1919: Persian famine of 1917–1919: Iran: 2,000,000, [119] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000 [120] 1918–1919: Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo: Rwanda and Burundi (present day) [citation needed] 1919–1922: Kazakh famine of 1919 ...
The Mali Empire started in 1230 and was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs. [15] Until the 19th century, Timbuktu remained important as an outpost at the southwestern fringe of the Muslim world and a hub of the trans-Saharan slave trade.
There were many kingdoms and empires in all regions of the continent of Africa throughout history. A kingdom is a state with a king or queen as its head. [1] An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant centre and subordinate peripheries".
During his visit to Timbuktu in 1895 the French journalist Félix Dubois learnt of the chronicle but was unable to obtain a copy. [2] Most copies of the manuscript had been destroyed early in the 19th century by the order of the Fula [3] leader Seku Amadu, but in 1911 an old manuscript was located in Timbuktu that was missing some of the initial pages.
In West Africa, the trans-Saharan trade routes connected the rich gold-producing regions around the Niger River with North Africa and the Mediterranean. This connection allowed West African empires like Ghana , Mali , and Songhai to flourish as they traded gold, salt, ivory, and slaves for goods from the Mediterranean world , such as textiles ...