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NASA's 2015 strategy for astrobiology aimed to solve the puzzle of the origin of life – how a fully functioning living system could emerge from non-living components – through research on the prebiotic origin of life's chemicals, both in space and on planets, as well as the functioning of early biomolecules to catalyse reactions and support inheritance.
[10] [11] [12] This point is often used as a criticism of the theory. Panspermia is a fringe theory with little support amongst mainstream scientists. [13] Critics argue that it does not answer the question of the origin of life but merely places it on another celestial body. It is further criticized because it cannot be tested experimentally.
Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for homeostasis, organisation, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction.
Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from non-living matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular. It was hypothesized that certain forms, such as fleas , could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
Therefore, a boundary is needed to separate life processes from non-living matter. [20] This fundamental necessity is underpinned by the universality of the cell membrane which is the only cellular structure found in all organisms on Earth.
Bernal called this idea biopoiesis or biopoesis, the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but non-living molecules, [17] [31] and proposed that biopoiesis passes through a number of intermediate stages. Robert Shapiro has summarized the "primordial soup" theory of Oparin and Haldane in its "mature form" as follows: [32]
Isaac Asimov, the biochemist and science fiction writer, suggested in 1981 that poly-lipids could form a substitute for proteins in a non-polar solvent such as methane. [51] Lakes composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons, including methane and ethane , have been detected on the surface of Titan by the Cassini spacecraft .
The biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning with a process of biopoiesis (life created naturally from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds) or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago. [3] [4] In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ...