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  2. Packet switching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching

    Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.

  3. Clock recovery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_recovery

    The receiver generates a clock from an approximate frequency reference, and then phase-aligns the clock to the transitions in the data stream with a phase-locked loop (PLL). This is one method of performing a process commonly known as clock and data recovery (CDR). Other methods include the use of a delay-locked loop and oversampling of the ...

  4. Cyclic redundancy check - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check

    Cyclic codes are not only simple to implement but have the benefit of being particularly well suited for the detection of burst errors: contiguous sequences of erroneous data symbols in messages. This is important because burst errors are common transmission errors in many communication channels , including magnetic and optical storage devices.

  5. Frame (networking) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(networking)

    In the OSI model of computer networking, a frame is the protocol data unit at the data link layer. Frames are the result of the final layer of encapsulation before the data is transmitted over the physical layer. [1] A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet."

  6. User Datagram Protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol

    Multiple attempts to deliver the message are made. If data gets lost along the way, data will be re-sent. In TCP, there's either no missing data, or, in case of multiple timeouts, the connection is dropped. Ordered – If two messages are sent over a connection in sequence, the first message will reach the receiving application first. When data ...

  7. Freeze (software engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_(software_engineering)

    A (complete) code freeze, in which no changes whatsoever are permitted to a portion or the entirety of the program's source code. Particularly in large software systems, any change to the source code may have unintended consequences , potentially introducing new bugs; thus, a code freeze helps ensure that a portion of the program that is known ...

  8. Connectionless communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionless_communication

    Connectionless communication, often referred to as CL-mode communication, [1] is a data transmission method used in packet switching networks, using data packets that are frequently called datagrams, in which each data packet is individually addressed and routed based on information carried in each packet, rather than in the setup information of a prearranged, fixed data channel as in ...

  9. Presentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation

    A presentation program is commonly used to generate the presentation content, some of which also allow presentations to be developed collaboratively, e.g. using the Internet by geographically disparate collaborators. Presentation viewers can be used to combine content from different sources into one presentation.