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Epidemics of the 19th century were faced without the medical advances that made 20th-century epidemics much rarer and less lethal. Micro-organisms (viruses and bacteria) had been discovered in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century that the experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert ...
The germ theory of disease proposes that invisible microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) are the cause of particular illnesses in both humans and animals. [2] Prior to medicine becoming hard science , there were many philosophical theories about how disease originated and was transmitted.
Infectious diseases: The death rate from infectious diseases--especially tuberculosis, influenza and pneumonia-- fell by 90% from 1900 to 1950. By the late 1940s, Penicillin was the major drug in use. [35] Chronic diseases: As infectious disease mortality declined, cardiovascular disease and cancer became leading causes of death. [36]
An 1831 color lithograph by Robert Seymour depicts cholera as a robed, skeletal creature emanating a deadly black cloud.. The miasma theory (also called the miasmic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as ...
Studies indicate that lead was very prominent in Roman beverages. This is mostly due to the lead-based storage containers that were popular during the time. [6] Some scholars speculate that the levels of alcohol consumed on a daily basis were more to blame for the health ailments of the aristocrats of Rome, with the average consumption rate being approximately 3 bottles of wine a day. [6]
Preceding the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, physicians and scientists held two competing theories on the causes of cholera in the human body: miasma theory and germ theory. [6] The London medical community debated between these causes for the persistent cholera outbreaks in the city.
The leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States is heart disease. [34] In Canada, heart disease is the second leading cause of death. In 2014, it was the cause of death for 51,000 people. [35] In Australia, heart disease is also the leading cause of death. 29% of deaths in 2015, had an underlying cause of heart disease. [36]
Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time; in meningococcal infections , an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered ...