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Parallel plane segments with the same orientation and area corresponding to the same bivector a ∧ b. [1] In mathematics, a bivector or 2-vector is a quantity in exterior algebra or geometric algebra that extends the idea of scalars and vectors. Considering a scalar as a degree-zero quantity and a vector as a degree-one quantity, a bivector is ...
the bivector has two distinct principal null directions; in this case, the bivector is called non-null. Furthermore, for any non-null bivector, the two eigenvalues associated with the two distinct principal null directions have the same magnitude but opposite sign, λ = ±ν, so we have three subclasses of non-null bivectors: spacelike: ν = 0
This theory stipulated that all the laws of physics should take the same form in all coordinate systems – this led to the introduction of tensors. The tensor formalism also leads to a mathematically simpler presentation of physical laws. The inhomogeneous Maxwell equation leads to the continuity equation:
conserved, bivector Angular velocity: ω: The angle incremented in a plane by a segment connecting an object and a reference point per unit time rad/s T −1: bivector Area: A: Extent of a surface m 2: L 2: extensive, bivector or scalar Centrifugal force: F c: Inertial force that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating frame of ...
The most common description of the electromagnetic field uses two three-dimensional vector fields called the electric field and the magnetic field.These vector fields each have a value defined at every point of space and time and are thus often regarded as functions of the space and time coordinates.
Given a bivector r = r 1 + hr 2, the ellipse for which r 1 and r 2 are a pair of conjugate semi-diameters is called the directional ellipse of the bivector r. [4]: 436 In the standard linear representation of biquaternions as 2 × 2 complex matrices acting on the complex plane with basis {1, h},
Examples of geometric algebras applied in physics include the spacetime algebra (and the less common algebra of physical space). Geometric calculus , an extension of GA that incorporates differentiation and integration , can be used to formulate other theories such as complex analysis and differential geometry , e.g. by using the Clifford ...
A 2-blade is a simple bivector. Sums of 2-blades are also bivectors, but not always simple. A 2-blade may be expressed as the wedge product of two vectors a and b: . A 3-blade is a simple trivector, that is, it may be expressed as the wedge product of three vectors a, b, and c: