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For a number written in scientific notation, this logarithmic rounding scale requires rounding up to the next power of ten when the multiplier is greater than the square root of ten (about 3.162). For example, the nearest order of magnitude for 1.7 × 10 8 is 8, whereas the nearest order of magnitude for 3.7 × 10 8 is 9.
1/52! chance of a specific shuffle Mathematics: The chances of shuffling a standard 52-card deck in any specific order is around 1.24 × 10 −68 (or exactly 1 ⁄ 52!) [4] Computing: The number 1.4 × 10 −45 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value.
For example, (2 + 3) × 4 = 20 forces addition to precede multiplication, while (3 + 5) 2 = 64 forces addition to precede exponentiation. If multiple pairs of parentheses are required in a mathematical expression (such as in the case of nested parentheses), the parentheses may be replaced by other types of brackets to avoid confusion, as in [2 ...
In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial amount was p, the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x)(1 − 0.01 x) = p (1 − (0.01 x) 2); hence the net change is an overall decrease by x percent of x percent (the square of the original percent change when expressed as a decimal number).
For example 1,000,000,000,000 rather than 1 trillion (short scale) or 1 billion (long scale). This method becomes unwieldy for very large numbers. Combinations of the unambiguous words such as ten, hundred, thousand and million. For example: one thousand million and one million million. [5]
In general, a common fraction is said to be a proper fraction if the absolute value of the fraction is strictly less than one—that is, if the fraction is greater than −1 and less than 1. [14] [15] It is said to be an improper fraction, or sometimes top-heavy fraction, [16] if the absolute value of the fraction is greater than or equal to 1 ...
The upper limit of gravity on Earth's surface (9.87 m/s 2) is equal to π 2 m/s 2 to four significant figures. It is approximately 0.6% greater than standard gravity (9.80665 m/s 2 ). Rydberg constant
Every prime power (except powers of 2 greater than 4) has a primitive root; thus the multiplicative group of integers modulo p n (that is, the group of units of the ring Z/p n Z) is cyclic. [ 1 ] The number of elements of a finite field is always a prime power and conversely, every prime power occurs as the number of elements in some finite ...