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The text is one of the Vaishnava Upanishads, [8] completed before about 1500 CE, [9] and includes two verses called the Maha-mantra. [2] The modern era Kali-Santarana Upanishad is the earliest known Hindu text where this widely known mantra appears. [9] It was popularized by one of the Bhakti movement leaders Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the 16th ...
The mantra is first attested in the Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad (Kali Santarana Upanishads), an Upanishad, which is commented on by Raghunandan Bhattacharya in his work Harinamarthah-ratna-dipika. [13] In this Upanishad, Narada is instructed by Brahma (in the translation of K. N. Aiyar):
The Asrama Upanishad is dated to the 3rd century CE, the Naradaparivrajaka and Satyayaniya Upanishads to around the 12th century, and about ten of the remaining Sannyasa Upanishads are dated to have been composed in the 14th to 15th century CE, well after the start of Islamic Sultanates period of South Asia in the late 12th century.
The Bhavana Upanishad is a sister text to Tripura Upanishad. [12] Both of these texts were commented on the 18th-century Tantra and Mother goddess scholar Bhaskararaya. [13] The text has been popular in Srividya tradition of South India. [14] [15] The text was translated by AG Krishna Warrier in 1967.
[1] The canon is part of a dialogue between Rama and Hanuman dealing with the inquiry into mukti in the Muktikā Upanishad (108 in the list). The other collections of Upanishads include Oupanekhat, a Persian language anthology of 50 Upanishads; the Colebrooke Collection of 52 Upanishads, and the 52 Upanishad Collection of Nārāyana. [8]
The composition date or author of the text is unknown, and is generally regarded as a "late Upanishad", in terms of dating. [4] The use of the word Vasudeva, which is neither found in Samhita layer of Vedic literature nor the Principal Upanishads, states Max Muller, suggests that this text is a relatively modern text.
The Samanya Vedanta Upanishads are variously classified, ranging from a list of 21 to 24. [3] [4] The variation in count is based on whether some of the older Principal Upanishads are included as Samanya. Some include three ancient Upanishads as Samanya Upanishads bringing the list to 24: 14. Shvetashvatara Upanishad; 24. Maitrayaniya Upanishad ...
The text is composed in poetic verse style, and uses metaphors. [21]It opens by declaring Vishnu as a great Yogin. [22] The Upanishad describes silence as "the highest place"; it states that there is a soul in every living being just like there is fragrance in flowers, oil in oil-seeds and butter in milk; [23] and that a Yogi must seek to understand the tree branch and the tree, the part as ...