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Other scholars have expressed the same view, based on epigraphical, archaeological and textual evidence from medieval Hindu kingdoms in Gujarat, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, while acknowledging that Manusmriti was influential to the South Asian history of law and was a theoretical resource.
As with most ancient texts, the exact date that Medhātithi's commentary was written is unknown. Kane argues that, because Medhātithi names several other commentators that are dated earlier than he is, and because the author of the Mitākṣarā (a commentary on the Yajnavalkya Smriti) considers him as authoritative, he has to be writing later than 820 CE and before 1050 CE. [3]
This is a list of dāstāns and qissas (prose fiction) written in Urdu during the 18th and 19th centuries. The skeleton of the list is a reproduction of the list provided by Gyan Chand Jain in his study entitled Urdū kī nasrī dāstānen .
Urdu developed during early 11th century Muslim invasions of Punjab from Central Asia, although the name "Urdu" did not exist at the time for the language. [6] Urdu literature originated some time around the 14th century in present-day North India among the sophisticated gentry of the courts.
Written documents: while the Arthashastra often refers to written documents, and treats the composition of written documents in a specific chapter, yet writing did not exist yet in India when the Mauryan empire was founded. [111] Alchemy and metal-working: there are references to alchemy in the Arthashastra, which is probably a western influence.
It is commonly agreed upon that the Vishnu Smriti relies heavily on previous Dharmashastra texts, such as the Manusmriti and Yajnavalkya smrti.However, some scholars see it as a Vaishnava recast of the Kathaka Dharmasutra [2] while others say that the Kathakagrhya and metrical verses were added later.
Ibrahim Adil Shah II of the Bijapur Sultanate produced Kitab-e-Navras (Book of the Nine Rasas), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani. [8] In 18the century a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad. [9]
Before his time, the language known as Hindi, Hindavi, Dehlavi, Dakhini, Lahori or Rekhta was commonly known as the Zaban-i-Ordu, [4] and commonly in local literature and speech, Lashkari Zaban or Lashkari. [5] Mashafi was the first person to simply shorten the latter name to Urdu. [6] He migrated to Lucknow during the reign of Asaf-ud-Daula.