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TNM staging system. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
Determining the extent to which a cancer has developed. Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent to which a cancer has grown and spread. A number from I to IV is assigned, with I being an isolated cancer and IV being a cancer that has metastasized and spread from its origin. The stage generally takes into account the size of a ...
In medicine, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) predicts the mortality for a patient who may have a range of concurrent conditions (comorbidities), such as heart disease, AIDS, or cancer (considering a total of 17 categories). [1] A score of zero means that no comorbidities were found; the higher the score, the higher the predicted mortality ...
Grading (tumors) Hematoxylin and eosin stains from different sections of a single diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma specimen, showing low-grade (top) and high-grade (bottom) areas. In pathology, grading is a measure of the cell appearance in tumors and other neoplasms. Some pathology grading systems apply only to malignant neoplasms (cancer ...
Breslow's depth. In medicine, Breslow's depth was used as a prognostic factor in melanoma of the skin. It is a description of how deeply tumor cells have invaded. Currently, the standard Breslow's depth has been replaced by the AJCC depth, in the AJCC staging system of melanoma. Originally, Breslow's depth was divided into 5 stages.
Colon cancer staging is an estimate of the amount of penetration of a particular cancer. It is performed for diagnostic and research purposes, and to determine the best method of treatment. The systems for staging colorectal cancers depend on the extent of local invasion, the degree of lymph node involvement and whether there is distant metastasis.
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), or non-small-cell lung carcinoma, is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. [1][2][3] As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to small-cell carcinoma.
Five anatomical levels are recognized, and higher levels have worsening prognostic implications. These levels are: [ 1 ] Level 1: Melanoma confined to the epidermis (melanoma in situ) Level 2: Invasion into the papillary dermis. Level 3: Invasion to the junction of the papillary and reticular dermis. Level 4: Invasion into the reticular dermis.