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Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, or intermediate neurons) are neurons that are not specifically motor neurons or sensory neurons. Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits , enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). [ 2 ]
Some examples are: [citation needed] Basket cells, interneurons that form a dense plexus of terminals around the soma of target cells, found in the cortex and cerebellum; Betz cells, large motor neurons in primary motor cortex; Lugaro cells, interneurons of the cerebellum; Medium spiny neurons, most neurons in the corpus striatum
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits [1] [2] that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input. [3] [4] [5] They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing.
The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles, blocking their stimulation (in this case the hamstring muscles). The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates (by not opposing) the extension of the lower leg.
This is an example of a disynaptic reflex, in which the circuitry contains a spinal interneuron between the sensory afferent and the motor neuron. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The activities of the extensor and flexor muscles must be coordinated in the autogenic inhibition reflex.
Avoid situations where your dog’s sprinting behavior can be self-rewarded. For example, avoid open areas with enticing stimuli until your dog is at least more attentive to you and better trained. 4.
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There are also interneurons in the striatum which regulate the excitability of the medium spiny neurons. The synaptic connections between a particular GABAergic interneuron, the parvalbumin expressing fast-spiking interneuron, and spiny neurons are close to the spiny neurons' soma, or cell body. [ 10 ]