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Case studies are generally a single-case design, but can also be a multiple-case design, where replication instead of sampling is the criterion for inclusion. [2] Like other research methodologies within psychology, the case study must produce valid and reliable results in order to be useful for the development of future research. Distinct ...
Observational study, can be naturalistic (see natural experiment), participant or controlled. Program evaluation; Quasi-experiment; Self-report inventory; Survey, often with a random sample (see survey sampling) Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected:
Famous case studies are for example the descriptions about the patients of Freud, who were thoroughly analysed and described. Bell (1999) states "a case study approach is particularly appropriate for individual researchers because it gives an opportunity for one aspect of a problem to be studied in some depth within a limited time scale". [9]
However, confounding may decrease internal validity of a study, and ethical issues may arise in studies involving high-risk. [2] For a great example of a field experiment study, see this study by Milgram, Liberty, Toledo, and Wackenhut exploring the relation between the unique spatial configuration of the queue and the means by which its ...
Forty Studies was reviewed by the American Psychological Association after the publication of its second edition in 1995. [2] It has become a well-known textbook in psychology [3] and has received peer-reviewed approval by the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's Project Syllabus [4] for use in both lower-level [5] [6] and upper-level courses. [7]
This study was noteworthy since it used adult Israeli soldiers as a sample rather than the previous sample of the American child, inferring that the Pygmalion effect could be applied to different contexts rather than only the original classroom setting where it was originally noticed and replicated, confirming its generalisability. [8]
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases) within a real-world context. [1] [2] For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment; case studies in business might cover a particular firm's strategy or a broader market; similarly, case studies in politics can range from a narrow happening over time like the operations of a ...
"The school superintendent, for example, may feel that the teachers expect him to be their spokesperson and leader, to take their side on such matters as salary increases and institutional policy. However, the superintendent may feel that the school board members expect him to represent them, to "sell" their views to the staff because he is the ...