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An ephemeral port is a communications endpoint of a transport layer protocol of the Internet protocol suite that is used for only a short period of time for the duration of a communication session. Such short-lived ports are allocated automatically within a predefined range of port numbers by the IP stack software of a computer operating system.
ntoskrnl.exe (short for Windows NT operating system kernel executable), also known as the kernel image, contains the kernel and executive layers of the Microsoft Windows NT kernel, and is responsible for hardware abstraction, process handling, and memory management.
The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 2 10 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. [3] They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the ...
A registered port is a network port designated for use with a certain protocol or application.. Registered port numbers are currently assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and were assigned by Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) before March 21, 2001, [1] and were assigned by the Information Sciences Institute (USC/ISI) before 1998.
When called from ntdll.dll in user mode, these groups are almost exactly the same; they execute an interrupt into kernel mode and call the equivalent function in ntoskrnl.exe via the SSDT. When calling the functions directly in ntoskrnl.exe (only possible in kernel mode), the Zw variants ensure kernel mode, whereas the Nt variants do not. [ 1 ]
In computer networking, a port or port number is a number assigned to uniquely identify a connection endpoint and to direct data to a specific service. At the software level, within an operating system , a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service .
The Windows Boot Manager invokes winload.exe—the operating system boot loader—to load the operating system kernel executive (ntoskrnl.exe) and core device drivers. In that respect, winload.exe is functionally equivalent to the operating system loader function of NTLDR in prior versions of Windows NT.
The ports are chosen at random according to the parameters of the networking stack, typically from the range of ephemeral ports. [4] The initiating host A sends an RRQ (read request) or WRQ (write request) packet to host S at port number 69, containing the filename, transfer mode, and optionally any negotiated option under the terms of RFC 2347.