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Causes of breakthrough infections include biological factors in the recipient, improper administration or storage of vaccines, mutations in viruses, blocking antibody formation, and other factors. For these reasons, vaccines are rarely 100% effective. A 2021 study found the common flu vaccine provided immunity to the flu in 58% of recipients. [6]
However, accumulated evidences have correlated neutralizing antibody level with the immunity against COVID-19. Khoury [ 22 ] and Cromer et al. [ 23 ] provided a model to predict the vaccine efficacy by comparing the neutralizing antibody titers of vaccines to those of convalescent samples.
Becoming seropositive for COVID-19 antibodies can occur due to either infection with COVID-19 itself or due to becoming vaccinated to COVID-19. [42] Being seropositive for COVID-19 does not intrinsically confer immunity or even resistance. However, higher rates of seroconversion are linked to greater clinical efficacy of vaccines.
In the context of the wide deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, a unique product that can be collected from convalescent vaccinees, dubbed “hybrid plasma” or “Vax-plasma” has been of interest; [60] such double status creates heterologous immunity able to cross-react against any SARS-CoV-2 variant so far. [61]
The potential emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant that is moderately or fully resistant to the antibody response elicited by the COVID-19 vaccines may necessitate modification of the vaccines. [452] The emergence of vaccine-resistant variants is more likely in a highly vaccinated population with uncontrolled transmission. [ 453 ]
The recommended vaccines now covered by Medicare include the Big 8: COVID-19; flu; pneumococcal; shingles, RSV, hepatitis A and B, and Tdap (protection against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis or ...
How COVID‑19 vaccines work. The video shows the process of vaccination, from injection with RNA or viral vector vaccines, to uptake and translation, and on to immune system stimulation and effect. Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths ...
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