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In electronics testing and servicing, an isolation transformer is a 1:1 (under load) power transformer used for safety. Without it, exposed live metal in a device under test is at a hazardous voltage relative to grounded objects such as a heating radiator or oscilloscope ground lead (a particular hazard with some old vacuum-tube equipment with ...
Specially wired signal adaptors may leave the shield connection disconnected, or connected to safety ground through an RF bypass capacitor. Isolation transformers may be used to convert from balanced lines to single-ended inputs, and also to isolate the cable shield from the equipment safety ground.
A transformer is the most widespread example of galvanic isolation. An opto-isolator is a very popular method of isolation in digital circuits. Cross-section of dual in-line package opto-isolators. Relative sizes of LED (red) and sensor (green) are exaggerated.
There are three methods of providing isolation. A transformer-isolated amplifier relies on transformer coupling of a high-frequency carrier signal between input and output. Some models also include a transformer-isolated power supply, that may also be used to power external signal processing devices on the isolated side of the system.
The line to neutral voltage is half the line-to-line voltage. Lighting and small appliances may be connected between a line wire and the neutral. Higher-power appliances, such as cooking equipment, space heating, water heaters, clothes dryers, air conditioners and electric vehicle charging equipment, are connected to the two line conductors.
A 120:120 instrument isolation transformer showing two polarity marking conventions. Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT), are a parallel-connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present a negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to ...