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The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume (abbreviated as ppmv, or ppm(v), or just ppm). To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass (abbreviated as ppmm, or ppm(m)), multiply by the ratio of the molar mass of CO 2 to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96).
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations from 1958 to 2023. The Keeling Curve is a graph of the annual variation and overall accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.
Maximum concentration standard Carbon monoxide 8 hours 9 ppm Nitrogen dioxide 1 hour 0.12 ppm 1 year 0.03 ppm Ozone 1 hour 0.10 ppm 4 hours 0.08 ppm Sulfur dioxide 1 hour 0.20 ppm 1 day 0.08 ppm 1 year 0.02 ppm Lead 1 year 0.50 μg/m 3: PM 10 1 day 50 μg/m 3: 1 year 25 μg/m 3: PM 2.5 1 day 25 μg/m 3: 1 year 8 μg/m 3
The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere reached 427 ppm (0.0427%) on a molar basis in 2024, representing 3341 gigatonnes of CO 2. [78] This is an increase of 50% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, up from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years prior to the mid-18th century. [79] [80] [81] The increase is due to human ...
Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration. [1] [2] Its formal definition is: "The change in the surface temperature in response to a change in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentration or other radiative ...
The SRES scenarios have been used to project future atmospheric GHG concentrations. Under the six illustrative SRES scenarios, the IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) [18] projects the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the year 2100 as between 540 and 970 parts per million (ppm).
Concentrations in ppm of the major greenhouse gases between 1978 and 2010. Greenhouse gas monitoring is the direct measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and levels. There are several different methods of measuring carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, including infrared analyzing and manometry.
1 volume percent = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume) with a million being defined as 10 6. Care must be taken with the concentrations expressed as ppbv to differentiate between the British billion which is 10 12 and the USA billion which is 10 9 (also referred to as the long scale and short scale billion, respectively).