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The langley (Ly) is a unit of heat transmission, especially used to express the rate of solar radiation (or insolation) received by the earth. The unit was proposed by Franz Linke in 1942 [ 1 ] and named after Samuel Langley (1834–1906) in 1947.
The SI unit of irradiance is watts per square metre (W/m 2 = Wm −2). The unit of insolation often used in the solar power industry is kilowatt hours per square metre (kWh/m 2). [12] The Langley is an alternative unit of insolation. One Langley is one thermochemical calorie per square centimetre or 41,840 J/m 2. [13]
The approximate average value cited, [1] 1.3608 ± 0.0005 kW/m 2, which is 81.65 kJ/m 2 per minute, is equivalent to approximately 1.951 calories per minute per square centimeter, or 1.951 langleys per minute. Solar output is nearly, but not quite, constant. Variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) were small and difficult to detect ...
watt per square metre, per metre W/m 3: M⋅L −1 ⋅T −3: Radiant exposure: H e: joule per square metre J/m 2: M⋅T −2: Radiant energy received by a surface per unit area, or equivalently irradiance of a surface integrated over time of irradiation. This is sometimes also called "radiant fluence". Spectral exposure: H e,ν [nb 3] joule ...
watt per square metre, per metre W/m 3: M⋅L −1 ⋅T −3: Radiant exposure: H e: joule per square metre J/m 2: M⋅T −2: Radiant energy received by a surface per unit area, or equivalently irradiance of a surface integrated over time of irradiation. This is sometimes also called "radiant fluence". Spectral exposure: H e,ν [nb 3] joule ...
Direct insolation is measured in (W/m 2) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (kW·h/(m 2 ·day)). 1 kW·h/(m 2 ·day) = 1,000 W · 1 hour / ( 1 m 2 · 24 hours) = 41.67 W/m 2 In the case of photovoltaics, average direct insolation is commonly measured in terms of peak direct insolation as kWh/(kWp·y) (kilowatt hours per year per ...
The radiant exitance (previously called radiant emittance), , has dimensions of energy flux (energy per unit time per unit area), and the SI units of measure are joules per second per square metre (J⋅s −1 ⋅m −2), or equivalently, watts per square metre (W⋅m −2). [2] The SI unit for absolute temperature, T, is the kelvin (K).
Yield photon flux (YPF) micromoles per square meter per second (μmol·m −2 ·s −1) When measuring the irradiance of PAR, values are expressed using units of energy (W/m 2 ), which is relevant in energy-balance considerations for photosynthetic organisms .