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The structure of the silicon APD. An avalanche photodiode (APD) is a highly sensitive type of photodiode, which in general are semiconductor diodes that convert light into electricity via interband excitation coupled with impact ionization.
In electronics, an avalanche diode is a diode (made from silicon or other semiconductor) that is designed to experience avalanche breakdown at a specified reverse bias voltage. The junction of an avalanche diode is designed to prevent current concentration and resulting hot spots, so that the diode is undamaged by the breakdown.
Commercial single-photon avalanche diode module for optical photons. A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), also called Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode [1] (G-APD or GM-APD [2]) is a solid-state photodetector within the same family as photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APDs), while also being fundamentally linked with basic diode behaviours.
Avalanche photodiodes are photodiodes with structure optimized for operating with high reverse bias, approaching the reverse breakdown voltage. This allows each photo-generated carrier to be multiplied by avalanche breakdown , resulting in internal gain within the photodiode, which increases the effective responsivity of the device.
In solid-state electronics, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are single-photon-sensitive devices based on pixels of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) implemented on common silicon substrate. [1] The dimension of each single avalanche diode can vary from 10 to 100 micrometres , with a typical density of up to 1,000 pixels/mm 2 .
Photodiodes are intended to sense light (photodetector), so they are packaged in materials that allow light to pass, and are usually PIN (the kind of diode most sensitive to light). [41] A photodiode can be used in solar cells, in photometry, or in optical communications. Multiple photodiodes may be packaged in a single device, either as a ...
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A good example of an early quantum sensor is an avalanche photodiode (APD). APDs have been used to detect entangled photons. With additional cooling and sensor improvements can be used where photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in fields such as medical imaging.