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The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. [1] Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves. This is explained further ...
The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced cancer, genetic mutations and teratogenic effects on the human body due to exposure to ionizing radiation. The model assumes a linear relationship between dose and health effects, even for ...
Temporality: The effect has to occur after the cause (and if there is an expected delay between the cause and expected effect, then the effect must occur after that delay). Biological gradient (dose–response relationship): Greater exposure should generally lead to greater incidence of the effect. However, in some cases, the mere presence of ...
The threshold dose-response model is widely viewed as the most dominant model in toxicology. [6] An alternative type of model in toxicology is the linear no-threshold model (LNT), while hormesis correspond to the existence of opposite effects at low vs. high dose, which usually gives a U- or inverted U-shaped dose response curve.
The EC 50 of a quantal dose response curve represents the concentration of a compound where 50% of the population exhibit a response, [5] after a specified exposure duration. For clarification, a graded dose response curve shows the graded effect of the drug (y axis) over the dose of the drug (x axis) in one or an average of subjects.
Time variant vs time invariant; Cell lifespan models; Complex response models; PK/PD modeling has its importance at each step of the drug development [9] [10] and it has shown its usefulness in many diseases. [11] The Food and Drug Administration also provides guidances for Industry to recommend how exposure-response studies should be performed ...
The area under the effect curve (AUEC) is an integral of the effect of a drug over time, estimated as a previously-established function of concentration. It was proposed to be used instead of AUC in animal-to-human dose translation, as computer simulation shows that it could cope better with half-life and dosing
Threshold dose is a dose of drug barely adequate to produce a biological effect in an animal. In dose-response assessment, the term ‘threshold dose’ is refined into several terminologies, such as NOEL, NOAEL, and LOAEL. They define the limits of doses resulting in biological responses or toxic effects. [3]