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Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors , although in some cases the term sensor is used. [ 1 ]
Akt/PKB signalling pathway; AMPK signalling pathway; cAMP-dependent pathway; Eph/ephrin signalling pathway; Hedgehog signalling pathway; Hippo signalling pathway; Insulin signal transduction pathway; JAK-STAT signalling pathway; MAPK/ERK signalling pathway; mTOR signalling pathway; Nodal signalling pathway; Notch signalling pathway; PI3K/AKT ...
Two-component systems accomplish signal transduction through the phosphorylation of a response regulator (RR) by a histidine kinase (HK). Histidine kinases are typically homodimeric transmembrane proteins containing a histidine phosphotransfer domain and an ATP binding domain, though there are reported examples of histidine kinases in the atypical HWE and HisKA2 families that are not ...
The signal transduction component labeled as "MAPK" in the pathway was originally called "ERK," so the pathway is called the MAPK/ERK pathway. The MAPK protein is an enzyme, a protein kinase that can attach phosphate to target proteins such as the transcription factor MYC and, thus, alter gene transcription and, ultimately, cell cycle progression.
The KEGG PATHWAY database is a collection of manually drawn pathway maps for metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing such as signal transduction, ligand–receptor interaction and cell communication, various other cellular processes and human diseases, all based on extensive survey of published literature.
There are three kinds of contextual factors that determine the shape the TGF-β response: the signal transduction components, the transcriptional cofactors and the epigenetic state of the cell. The different ligands and receptors of TGF-β are significant as well in the composition signal transduction pathway. [2]
Figure of the three main pathways of Wnt signaling in biological signal transduction. The Wnt protein family includes a large number of cysteine -rich glycoproteins . The Wnt proteins activate signal transduction cascades via three different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway , the noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway , and the ...
They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades. [1] Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium. [2] First messengers are extracellular factors, often hormones or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, growth hormone, and serotonin.