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Using the number density as a function of spatial coordinates, the total number of objects N in the entire volume V can be calculated as = (,,), where dV = dx dy dz is a volume element. If each object possesses the same mass m 0 , the total mass m of all the objects in the volume V can be expressed as m = ∭ V m 0 n ( x , y , z ) d V ...
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
Spin density is electron density applied to free radicals. It is defined as the total electron density of electrons of one spin minus the total electron density of the electrons of the other spin. One of the ways to measure it experimentally is by electron spin resonance, [14] neutron diffraction allows direct mapping of the spin density in 3D ...
TEC is the total number of electrons integrated between two points, along a tube of one meter squared cross section, i.e., the electron columnar number density. It is often reported in multiples of the so-called TEC unit, defined as TECU=10 16 el/m 2 ≈ 1.66 × 10 −8 mol⋅m −2. [1]
The formula for evaluating the drift velocity of charge carriers in a material of constant cross-sectional area is given by: [1] =, where u is the drift velocity of electrons, j is the current density flowing through the material, n is the charge-carrier number density, and q is the charge on the charge-carrier.
The electron mobility is defined by the equation: =. where: E is the magnitude of the electric field applied to a material,; v d is the magnitude of the electron drift velocity (in other words, the electron drift speed) caused by the electric field, and
where ℓ is the mean free path, n is the number of target particles per unit volume, and σ is the effective cross-sectional area for collision. The area of the slab is L 2, and its volume is L 2 dx. The typical number of stopping atoms in the slab is the concentration n times the volume, i.e., n L 2 dx. The probability that a beam particle ...
A simple derivation of the Boltzmann relation for the electrons can be obtained using the momentum fluid equation of the two-fluid model of plasma physics in absence of a magnetic field. When the electrons reach dynamic equilibrium , the inertial and the collisional terms of the momentum equations are zero, and the only terms left in the ...