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The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.. These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the application of biotechnology since before the common era and describe notable events in the research, development and regulation of biotechnology.
Biotechnology seemed to be the solution for major social problems, including world hunger and energy crises. In the 1960s, radical measures would be needed to meet world starvation, and biotechnology seemed to provide an answer.
1960 – John Kendrew described the structure of myoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in muscle. 1960 – Four separate researchers (S. Weiss, J. Hurwitz, Audrey Stevens Niyogi and J. Bonner) discovered bacterial RNA polymerase, which polymerizes nucleotides under the direction of DNA. 1960 – Robert Woodward synthesized chlorophyll.
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1960: Jacob and collaborators discover the operon, a group of genes whose expression is coordinated by an operator. [39] [40] 1961: Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner discovered frame shift mutations. In the experiment, proflavin-induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene (rIIB) were isolated.
1960 – Invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation ; 1960 – First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA [102] 1962 – Hip replacement – John Charnley; 1962 – Beta blocker James W. Black; 1962 – Albert Sabin develops first oral polio vaccine; 1963 – Artificial heart – Paul Winchell
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Through the late 1950s and early 1960s, numerous papers were published on various topics in RNA structure, including RNA-DNA hybridization, [22] triple stranded RNA, [23] and even small-scale crystallography of RNA di-nucleotides—G-C, and A-U—in primitive helix-like arrangements. [24]