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The Great Recession led to several changes in the way the biotechnology industry was financed and organized. First, it led to a decline in overall financial investment in the sector, globally; and second, in some countries like the UK it led to a shift from business strategies focused on going for an initial public offering (IPO) to seeking a ...
1997 – British scientists, led by Ian Wilmut from the Roslin Institute, report cloning Dolly the sheep using DNA from two adult sheep cells. 1999 – Discovery of the gene responsible for developing cystic fibrosis. 2000 – Completion of a "rough draft" of the human genome in the Human Genome Project.
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Monsanto is a member of the Washington D.C.–based Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), the world's largest biotechnology trade association, which provides "advocacy, business development, and communications services." [269] [270] Between 2010 and 2011 BIO spent a total of $16.43 million on lobbying. [271] [272]
The regulation of gene expression became a central issue in the 1960s; by the 1970s gene expression could be controlled and manipulated through genetic engineering. In the last decades of the 20th century, many biologists focused on large-scale genetics projects, such as sequencing entire genomes.
1945–1960: Monsanto begins producing agrochemicals. 1961–1982: Monsanto creates an agricultural division. It manufactures Agent Orange, which is later banned. 1982–2000: Monsanto starts its pivot into biotechnology.
The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using certain biotechnology techniques that have only existed since the 1970s. [3] Human directed genetic manipulation was occurring much earlier, beginning with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection .