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However, checking blood PSA levels for prostate cancer screening is controversial and not necessarily indicated in every evaluation for BPH. [2] Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are both capable of increasing blood PSA levels and PSA elevation is unable to differentiate these two conditions well. [2]
Androgens are known to play a crucial role in prostate-related conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and prostate cancer. [76] In BPH, C 21 11-oxygenated steroids (pregnanes) have been identified are precursors to androgens. [77]
Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men in over half of the world's countries, and the leading cause of cancer death in men in around a quarter of countries. [91] Prostate cancer is rare in those under 40 years old, [92] and most cases occur in those over 60 years, [2] with the average person diagnosed at 67. [93]
Research shows that taking 5 milligrams (mg) of finasteride a day for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — an enlarged prostate — can lead to a 15 to 25 percent increase in testosterone levels.
In the prostate, this reduces prostate volume, which improves BPH and reduces the risk of prostate cancer. Finasteride reduces prostate volume by 20 to 30% in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. [75] Inhibition of 5α-reductase also reduces epididymal weight, and decreases motility and normal morphology of spermatozoa in the epididymis. [76]
There are several reasons why PIN is the most likely prostate cancer precursor. [3] PIN is more common in men with prostate cancer. High grade PIN can be found in 85 to 100% of radical prostatectomy specimens, [4] nearby or even in connection with prostate cancer. It tends to occur in the peripheral zone of the prostate.
However, prostate cancer often progresses to a hormone-refractory state in which the cancer progresses in the presence of continued androgen ablation or antiandrogen therapy. [9] This suggests that long term use of these antiandrogens during prostate cancer can lead to the development of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells or the ability ...
The role of the prostate was questioned in the cause of CP/CPPS when both men and women in the general population were tested using the (1) National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI [92]) – with the female homologue of each male anatomical term used on questionnaires for female participants – (2) the ...