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Built Environment is a peer-reviewed academic journal focused on urban planning and related fields. It began in 1956 as Official Architecture and Planning and was renamed Built Environment in 1972. Between 1975 and 1978 it was known as Built Environment Quarterly . [ 1 ]
The built environment, while not as extensive as it is today, was beginning to be cultivated with the implementation of buildings, paths, farm land, domestication of animals and plants, etc. Over the next several thousand years, these smaller cities and villages grew into larger ones where trade, culture, education, and economics were driving ...
In a later work, Du Plessis furthers the definition for sustainable construction to touch on the importance of sustainability in social and economic contexts as well. [33] This is especially relevant in construction projects in the Global South, where local value systems and social interactions may differ from the western context in which ...
As is the case with other languages, including the historically important German, writing in Spanish limits access to influential foreign journals. [3] Spanish language journals and articles are systematically underrepresented in the ISI database, are disadvantaged by unfavourable assessments of impact factor , a widely used metric for ...
The Gran Telescopio Canarias at sunset.. Science and technology in Spain relates to the set of policies, plans and programs carried out by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [1] and other organizations aimed at research, development and innovation (R&D&I), as well as the reinforcement Spanish scientific and technological infrastructures and facilities such as universities and ...
An important architectural element are the dougong bracket sets. The Songyue Pagoda is the oldest brick pagoda dating to 523 AD. It was built with yellow fired bricks laid in clay mortar, with twelve sides and fifteen levels of roofs. The Anji Bridge is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge built in 595–605 AD. The ...
The Inca Empire employed a system of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor, called Mit'a that required all males between 15-50 to work on large public construction projects. Hyslop comments that the 'secret' to the production of fine Inca masonry “…was the social organization necessary to maintain the great numbers of people ...
Salingaros builds on the work of Richard Dawkins, especially the meme model, to explain how architectural typologies and design elements are transmitted in society; an innovative application, but one that underlies a trenchant criticism of modernist, post-modernist, and deconstructivist architectural styles.