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The built environment, while not as extensive as it is today, was beginning to be cultivated with the implementation of buildings, paths, farm land, domestication of animals and plants, etc. Over the next several thousand years, these smaller cities and villages grew into larger ones where trade, culture, education, and economics were driving ...
In a later work, Du Plessis furthers the definition for sustainable construction to touch on the importance of sustainability in social and economic contexts as well. [33] This is especially relevant in construction projects in the Global South, where local value systems and social interactions may differ from the western context in which ...
Spanish Chronicler Pedro Cieza De Leon wrote that Pachacuti "ordered 20,000 men sent in from the provinces" for the construction of Sacsayhuamán. [26] Water engineer Ken Wright estimates that 60 percent of the Inca construction effort was underground. The Inca built their cities with locally available materials, usually including limestone or ...
Homes lie in ruins on Somera Road in Bel-Air in February 1962, three months after the Bel-Air fire destroyed 484 homes. (Frank Brown / Los Angeles Times)
Environmental historians have been criticized for what is called “recentism,” that is examining twentieth-century environmental issues. [15] Works by archeologists and historians focusing on the colonial era in Latin America (1492-1825), which were not called “environmental history” at the time, are a rejoinder to that criticism.
Roth’s studies of American and world architecture are among the most assigned and read books in university courses on the history of the built environment, [2] and his admired work, Understanding Architecture, was translated into Spanish, Portuguese, and Turkish. [3]
The traza or layout was the pattern on which Spanish American cities were built beginning in the colonial era. At the heart of Spanish colonial cities was a central plaza, with the main church, town council ( cabildo ) building, residences of the main civil and religious officials, and the residences of the most important residents ( vecinos ...
It became the most important city of the Inca Empire, divided into distinct areas for religious and administrative use, and surrounded by an organized system of agriculture, artisan, and industrial uses. After the Spanish conquered the empire in the 16th century, they built Baroque churches and buildings over the Inca ruins. [18] City of ...