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Transrectal ultrasonography, or TRUS in short, is a method of creating an image of organs in the pelvis, most commonly used to perform an ultrasound-guided needle biopsy evaluation of the prostate gland in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen or prostatic nodules on digital rectal exam.
The procedure was first performed on a 70-year old married preacher on 7 April 1904 by American surgeon Hugh H. Young and assisted by William S. Halstead, as a way of removing the prostate in cancer treatment, after prostatic massage and an early type of transurethral resection of the prostate had failed to relieve him of pain in his urethra. [8]
Radiation therapy is commonly used in prostate cancer treatment. It may be used instead of surgery or after surgery in early-stage prostate cancer (adjuvant radiotherapy). Radiation treatments also can be combined with hormonal therapy for intermediate risk disease, when surgery or radiation therapy alone is less likely to cure the cancer.
For prostate cancer, the best treatment often depends on the risk level presented by the disease. For most prostate cancers classified as "very low risk" and "low risk", radical prostatectomy is one of several treatment options; others include radiation, watchful waiting, and active surveillance.
Prostate biopsy; Prostate brachytherapy; Prostate cancer screening; Prostate massage; Prostate saturation biopsy; Prostate steam treatment; Prostatectomy; Prostatic artery embolization; Prostatic stent; Prostatic urethral lift
In men aged 55–69 who have been counseled on the known harms and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening, the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force May 2018 statement states, "The use of digital rectal examination as a screening modality is not recommended because there is a lack of evidence on the benefits."
The American Cancer Society states that success with laparoscopic technique is determined by surgeon experience and focus. There is a long learning curve for the robotic procedure. It is estimated that about 60 cases need to be performed by a surgeon to be comfortable with the procedure and about 250 cases to be an expert.
Pelvic exenteration is an option in cases of very advanced or recurrent cancer, for which less radical surgical options are not technically possible or would not be sufficient to remove all the tumor. This procedure is performed for several types of cancer including genitourinary cancer, [1] and colorectal cancers. [2]