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Prior to this time most of the ancient buildings that were still standing had only survived because they either had significant cultural or religious import, or they had yet to be discovered. [ 3 ] The growth of the architectural conservation movement took place at a time of significant archaeological discovery and scientific advancement.
Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The manorial system , which existed under different names throughout Europe and Asia, allowed large landowners significant control over both their land and its laborers, in the form of peasants or serfs . [ 1 ]
Decisions during this phase should be made with the consideration of the cultural and historical value of the site prior to conservation intervention. Reburial: In the instance that leaving a site exposed may cause it further harm, a decision is made to rebury the site. [4] These phases may be repeated and may occur in a different order.
Islamic philosophers and scientists preserved and expanded upon ancient Greek works, especially those of Aristotle and Euclid, which were translated into Latin, significantly revitalizing European science. [2] During the High Middle Ages, Europe also saw significant technological advancements which spurred economic growth.
The latter two advances made possible the dawn of the Age of Discovery. These inventions were influenced by foreign culture and society. Alfred W. Crosby described some of this technological revolution in The Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600 and other major historians of technology have also noted it.
Today, the Latin script, the Latin alphabet spread by the Roman Empire to most of Europe, and derived from the Phoenician alphabet through an ancient form of the Greek alphabet adopted and modified by Etruscan, is the most widespread and commonly used script in the world. Spread by various colonies, trade routes, and political powers, the ...
Even so, the fate of the common Romans was harsher, many of them had been forced to pay taxes and contribute with supplies. The most unfortunate were sold as slaves or killed in the frequent looting of cities or sieges, and many native Italic-Roman villages were forced to live alongside many barbarians sharing lands with frequent conflict. [12 ...
Further west, several key figures in European history who came after Boethius had strengthened the overwhelming shift away from Hellenistic ideas. For centuries, Greek ideas in Europe were all but non-existent, until the Eastern part of the Roman Empire – Byzantium – was sacked during the Fourth Crusade unlocking numerous Ancient Greek ...