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  2. Reformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation

    The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, [1] was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

  3. Renaissance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance

    The Renaissance period started during the crisis of the Late Middle Ages and conventionally ends by the 1600s with the waning of humanism, and the advents of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and in art the Baroque period.

  4. Protestant Reformers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers

    Protestant Reformers were theologians whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.. In the context of the Reformation, Martin Luther was the first reformer, sharing his views publicly in 1517, followed by Andreas Karlstadt and Philip Melanchthon at Wittenberg, who promptly joined the new movement.

  5. Renaissance Papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy

    The Renaissance Papacy was a period of papal history between the Western Schism and the Reformation. From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in 1417 to the Reformation in the 16th century, Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants.

  6. English Reformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation

    The English Reformation took place in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away first from the authority of the Pope and bishops over the King and then from some doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church. The English Reformation began as more of a political affair than a theological dispute.

  7. Early modern period - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period

    With the adoption of large-scale printing after 1500, Italian Renaissance Humanism spread northward to France, Germany, Holland and England, where it became associated with the Reformation. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to ...

  8. Reformation in Italy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy

    Causes of the Italian Reformation were diverse: the precociousness of humanism, associated with the Italian revival; the rule of foreign powers (e.g. Spain in southern Italy, the Holy Roman Empire in the North), which were propagating other forms of Catholicism contrary to the Italian tradition; need of a deeper and more personal relation with God; a defence of Italian democratic and ...

  9. Outline of the history of Western civilization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of...

    Italian Renaissance – The Italian Renaissance was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy around the end of the 13th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe.