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Later theorists include David Kolb, David Boud ("reflection in learning"), [3] and Donald Schön. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In a professional context, this is known as reflective practice , wherein the use of the reflective process allows a practitioner to understand their experiences differently and take action accordingly.
The research emerged in part from William G. Perry's research on the cognitive intellectual development of male Harvard College students. [1] [4] Developmental theories of epistemic cognition in this model have been developed by Deanna Kuhn and others, with a focus on the sequential phases of development characterising changes in views of knowledge and knowing.
Experimentation: Students individually perform an experiment and then come together as a class to discuss the results. Research projects: Students research a topic and can present their findings to the class. Field trips: This allows students to put the concepts and ideas discussed in class in a real-world context. Field trips would often be ...
The Ontario Ministry of Education (2007) [38] describes many ways in which educators can help students acquire the skills required for effective reflection and self-assessment, including: modelling and/or intentionally teaching critical thinking skills necessary for reflection and self-assessment practices; addressing students' perceptions of ...
The experiential approach aligns with Armstrong's claims that students, rather than teachers, should be responsible for their learning. [14] Proponents claim that an experiential education mindset can change the way teachers and students view knowledge as learning becomes active and transacted within life or lifelike situations.
Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
Reflection allows students to "compare their own problem-solving processes with those of an expert, another student, and ultimately, an internal cognitive model of expertise" (p. 483). [1] A technique for reflection would be examining the past performances of both an expert and a novice, and highlighting similarities and differences.
Teachers provide opportunities for students to construct their own knowledge through engaging in self-directed inquiry, problem solving, critical thinking, and reflections in real-world contexts. This knowledge construction is heavily influenced by the student's prior knowledge and experiences, as well as by the characteristics that shape the ...