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The Python package NumPy provides a pseudoinverse calculation through its functions matrix.I and linalg.pinv; its pinv uses the SVD-based algorithm. SciPy adds a function scipy.linalg.pinv that uses a least-squares solver. The MASS package for R provides a calculation of the Moore–Penrose inverse through the ginv function. [24]
R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis. [9] The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages, containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data. R software is open-source and free software.
scikit-learn (formerly scikits.learn and also known as sklearn) is a free and open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language. [3] It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support-vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is designed to interoperate with the Python numerical and scientific ...
Given a simple graph with vertices , …,, its Laplacian matrix is defined element-wise as [1],:= { = , or equivalently by the matrix =, where D is the degree matrix, and A is the graph's adjacency matrix.
PyTorch: Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with GPU acceleration. TensorFlow: Apache 2.0-licensed Theano-like library with support for CPU, GPU and Google's proprietary TPU, [116] mobile; Theano: A deep-learning library for Python with an API largely compatible with the NumPy library.
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATrix LABoratory" [18]) is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks.MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages.
The matrix A has a determinant of −1, and thus it is a 2 × 2 unimodular matrix. This property can be understood in terms of the continued fraction representation for the golden ratio φ : φ = 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + ⋱ . {\displaystyle \varphi =1+{\cfrac {1}{1+{\cfrac {1}{1+{\cfrac {1}{1+\ddots }}}}}}.}
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...