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This result may be deduced from Fermat's little theorem by the fact that, if p is an odd prime, then the integers modulo p form a finite field, in which 1 modulo p has exactly two square roots, 1 and −1 modulo p.
Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares is then equivalent to the statement that a prime is represented by the form + (i.e., = =, =) exactly when is congruent to modulo . The discriminant of the quadratic form is defined to be b 2 − 4 a c {\displaystyle b^{2}-4ac} .
If n is composite, there exists a possibly proper subgroup of , called the "group of false witnesses", comprising the solutions of the equation =, the elements which, raised to the power n − 1, are congruent to 1 modulo n. [8] Fermat's Little Theorem states that for n = p a prime, this group consists of all ; thus for n composite, such ...
Some of the proofs of Fermat's little theorem given below depend on two simplifications.. The first is that we may assume that a is in the range 0 ≤ a ≤ p − 1.This is a simple consequence of the laws of modular arithmetic; we are simply saying that we may first reduce a modulo p.
In 1736, Leonhard Euler published a proof of Fermat's little theorem [1] (stated by Fermat without proof), which is the restriction of Euler's theorem to the case where n is a prime number. Subsequently, Euler presented other proofs of the theorem, culminating with his paper of 1763, in which he proved a generalization to the case where n is ...
Of the primes occurring in this decomposition, 2, 5, and 7, only 7 is congruent to 3 modulo 4. Its exponent in the decomposition, 2, is even. Therefore, the theorem states that it is expressible as the sum of two squares. Indeed, 2450 = 7 2 + 49 2. The prime decomposition of the number 3430 is 2 · 5 · 7 3. This time, the exponent of 7 in the ...
The Fermat numbers satisfy the following recurrence relations: = + = + for n ≥ 1, = + = for n ≥ 2.Each of these relations can be proved by mathematical induction.From the second equation, we can deduce Goldbach's theorem (named after Christian Goldbach): no two Fermat numbers share a common integer factor greater than 1.
The works of the 17th-century mathematician Pierre de Fermat engendered many theorems. Fermat's theorem may refer to one of the following theorems: Fermat's Last Theorem, about integer solutions to a n + b n = c n; Fermat's little theorem, a property of prime numbers; Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, about primes expressible as a sum of ...