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This directional antenna's signal, called a spot beam, is intended to be aimed at a specific region (several hundred kilometers in diameter) and increase the local signal strength by 20 dB, or approximately 100 times stronger.
GPS signals can also be affected by multipath issues, where the radio signals reflect off surrounding terrain; buildings, canyon walls, hard ground, etc. These delayed signals cause measurement errors that are different for each type of GPS signal due to its dependency on the wavelength. [4]
"S9" signal strength, a strong signal, on the S meter of a typical ham or shortwave radio receiver: −80 dBm: 10 pW: −100 dBm: 0.1 pW: Minimal received signal power of wireless network (802.11 variants) −111 dBm: 0.008 pW = 8 fW: Thermal noise floor for commercial GPS single-channel signal bandwidth (2 MHz) −127.5 dBm: 0.178 fW = 178 aW
The directional antenna's signal, termed a spot beam, is intended to be aimed at a specific region (i.e., several hundred kilometers in diameter) and increase the local signal strength by 20 dB (10× voltage field strength, 100× power). A side effect of having two antennas is that, for receivers inside the spot beam, the GPS satellite will ...
GPS is simply not accurate enough to replace ILS systems. Typical accuracy is about 15 metres (49 ft), whereas even a "CAT I" approach, the least demanding, requires a vertical accuracy of 4 metres (13 ft). This inaccuracy in GPS is mostly due to large "billows" in the ionosphere, which slow the radio signal from the satellites by a random ...
tech: the GPS signal strength measured at the surface of the Earth. [clarification needed] [5] 10 −16: 2 × 10 −16: −127 dBm biomed: approximate theoretical minimum luminosity detectable by the human eye under perfect conditions 10 −15: femto-(fW) 2.5 × 10 −15: −116 dBm tech: minimum discernible signal at the antenna terminal of a ...
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Real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) is another approach for a precise GPS-based positioning system. In this approach, the determination of the range signal can be resolved to a precision of less than 10 centimeters (4 in). This is done by resolving the number of cycles in which the signal is transmitted and received by the receiver.