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Additionally, the author explores the difference between punishing criminals and trying to rehabilitate them. He also looks at how women were treated in reform institutions and how convict leasing and chain gangs in the South continued the practices of slavery, especially for black prisoners. [1] [2] [4]
Chain gang street sweepers, Washington, D. C. 1909 Female convicts in Dar es Salaam chained together by their necks, c. 1890–1927. A chain gang or road gang is a group of prisoners chained together to perform menial or physically challenging work as a form of punishment.
Coffle gang. A coffle, sometimes called a platoon or a drove, was a group of enslaved people chained together and marched from one place to another by owners or slave traders. [1] [2] [3] These troupes, sometimes called shipping lots before they were moved, ranged in size from a fewer than a dozen to 200 or more enslaved people.
Coffle: Group of enslaved people in a chain gang for overland shipment on foot. Complete: The use of the word complete in a slave advertisement indicated a high level of competency, meaning the person had especial capability and/or the necessary training to "adeptly" perform certain work. [5]
Though the convict lease system, as such, disappeared, other types of convict labor continued (and still exist presently). These other systems include plantations, industrial prisons and chain gangs. [19] The convict lease system was gradually phased out during the early 20th century due to negative publicity and other factors.
The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. [1]
In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, [3] and was legal in most societies, but it is now outlawed in most countries of the world, except as a punishment for a crime. [4] [5] In chattel slavery, the slave is legally rendered the personal property (chattel) of the slave owner.
The term is a metaphor deriving from chain gangs, groups of people, usually prisoners or slaves, bound together with chains or other devices as they work or march.Like a real-life chain gang, the states joined in a chain gang, according to bound obligation, have no option to refuse to follow along with the intent of the others.