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In some cases, a lone wolf is adopted into a pack to replace a deceased breeder. [94] Wolves are territorial and generally establish territories far larger than they require to survive assuring a steady supply of prey. Territory size depends largely on the amount of prey available and the age of the pack's pups.
A population in western Poland expanded into eastern Germany and in 2000 the first pups were born on German territory. [19] In 2012, an estimated 14 wolf packs were living in Germany (mostly in the east and north) and a pack with pups has been sighted within 15 miles of Berlin; [20] the number increased to 46 packs in 2016. [21]
The wolf must give chase and gain on its fleeing prey, slow it down by biting through thick hair and hide, and then disable it enough to begin feeding. [4] After chasing and then confronting a large prey animal, the wolf makes use of its 6 cm (2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) fangs and its powerful masseter muscles to deliver a bite force of 28 kg/cm 2 (400 lbf/in 2), which is capable of breaking open the ...
Average pack size is 7 to 9 wolves, but can vary; like other wolves, the pack consists of a mated pair and their offspring. The pair is usually the only ones that breed. A wolf that has left its pack may travel up to 500 km (310.7 mi) to breed. The minimum breeding age is 1 year, and the average litter size is 4–6 pups. [12]
In the absence of disease, Ethiopian wolf territories are largely stable, but packs can expand whenever the opportunity arises, such as when another pack disappears. The size of each territory correlates with the abundance of rodents, the number of wolves in a pack, and the survival of pups.
The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) pack members hunt for rodents alone, and come together mainly to defend their territory from rival packs. [5] Corsac foxes sometimes form packs, unlike some other fox species. [6]
Two new wolf packs spotted in Northern California reveal a continued resurgence of the species, a century after they disappeared from the Golden State. Wildlife officials confirmed the existence ...
Yellowstone wolf pack territories in 2011. Wolf population declines, when they occur, result from "intraspecific strife," food stress, mange, canine distemper, legal hunting of wolves in areas outside the park (for sport or for livestock protection) and in one case in 2009, lethal removal by park officials of a human-habituated wolf. [23]