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  2. Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

    The Pauli exclusion principle helps explain a wide variety of physical phenomena. One particularly important consequence of the principle is the elaborate electron shell structure of atoms and the way atoms share electrons, explaining the variety of chemical elements and their chemical combinations.

  3. Exchange interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_interaction

    In chemistry and physics, the exchange interaction is a quantum mechanical constraint on the states of indistinguishable particles. While sometimes called an exchange force , or, in the case of fermions, Pauli repulsion , its consequences cannot always be predicted based on classical ideas of force . [ 1 ]

  4. Pauli matrices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_matrices

    Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), c. 1924. Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945, nominated by Albert Einstein, for the Pauli exclusion principle.. In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices that are traceless, Hermitian, involutory and unitary.

  5. Spin–statistics theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin–statistics_theorem

    This is the Pauli exclusion principle: two identical fermions cannot occupy the same state. This rule does not hold for bosons. In quantum field theory, a state or a wavefunction is described by field operators operating on some basic state called the vacuum. In order for the operators to project out the symmetric or antisymmetric component of ...

  6. Degenerate matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_matter

    Following the Pauli exclusion principle, there can be only one fermion occupying each quantum state. In a degenerate gas, all quantum states are filled up to the Fermi energy. Most stars are supported against their own gravitation by normal thermal gas pressure, while in white dwarf stars the supporting force comes from the degeneracy pressure ...

  7. Nuclear shell model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model

    In nuclear physics, atomic physics, and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model utilizes the Pauli exclusion principle to model the structure of atomic nuclei in terms of energy levels. [1] The first shell model was proposed by Dmitri Ivanenko (together with E. Gapon) in 1932.

  8. Superexchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superexchange

    Essentially, the Pauli exclusion principle dictates that between two magnetic ions with half-occupied orbitals, which couple through an intermediary non-magnetic ion (e.g. O 2−), the superexchange will be strongly anti-ferromagnetic while the coupling between an ion with a filled orbital and one with a half-filled orbital will be ferromagnetic.

  9. Fermi heap and Fermi hole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_heap_and_Fermi_hole

    Fermi heap and Fermi hole refer to two closely related quantum phenomena that occur in many-electron atoms. They arise due to the Pauli exclusion principle, according to which no two electrons can be in the same quantum state in a system (which, accounting for electrons' spin, means that there can be up to two electrons in the same orbital).