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Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, [1] and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
Sedimentary organic matter includes the organic carbon component of sediments and sedimentary rocks. The organic matter is usually a component of sedimentary material even if it is present in low abundance (usually lower than 1%). Petroleum (or oil) and natural gas are particular examples of sedimentary organic matter.
Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The most common types include coal , lignite , oil shale , or black shale . [ 2 ]
Given the ubiquity of hydrogen atoms in inorganic and organic chemical compounds, the hydrogen cycle is focused on molecular hydrogen (H 2). Nitrogen The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere , terrestrial , and marine ecosystems .
In sediments, the time scale available for degradation increases by orders of magnitude with the result that 90% of the organic carbon delivered is degraded and only 0.2 Pg C yr −1 is eventually buried and transferred from the biosphere to the geosphere. [26] More complex model with many interacting boxes.
Organic geochemistry, the study of the role of processes and compounds that are derived from living or once-living organisms. [13] Photogeochemistry is the study of light-induced chemical reactions that occur or may occur among natural components of the Earth's surface. [14]
Sediments at this interface are more porous and can hold a larger volume of pore water in the interstitial sites due to high organic matter content and lack of settling. Therefore, chemical compounds in the water can undergo two main processes here: 1) diffusion and 2) biological mixing. [2]
This redox chemistry is the basis for life in deep sea sediments and determines the obtainability of energy to organisms that live there. From the water interface moving toward deeper sediments, the order of these acceptors is oxygen, nitrate, manganese, iron, and sulfate. The zonation of these favored acceptors can be seen in Figure 1.