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  2. Molecular diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diffusion

    Many results in classical thermodynamics are not easily applied to non-equilibrium systems. However, there sometimes occur so-called quasi-steady states, where the diffusion process does not change in time, where classical results may locally apply. As the name suggests, this process is a not a true equilibrium since the system is still evolving.

  3. Glossary of chemistry terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms

    This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment. Chemistry is a physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter , as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions ...

  4. Diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

    Biologists often use the terms "net movement" or "net diffusion" to describe the movement of ions or molecules by diffusion. For example, oxygen can diffuse through cell membranes so long as there is a higher concentration of oxygen outside the cell.

  5. Diffuse reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflection

    Many common materials exhibit a mixture of specular and diffuse reflection. The visibility of objects, excluding light-emitting ones, is primarily caused by diffuse reflection of light: it is diffusely-scattered light that forms the image of the object in an observer's eye over a wide range of angles of the observer with respect to the object.

  6. Hyperchromicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchromicity

    Hyperchromicity is the increase of absorbance (optical density) of a material. The most famous example is the hyperchromicity of DNA that occurs when the DNA duplex is denatured. [1] The UV absorption is increased when the two single DNA strands are being separated, either by heat or by addition of denaturant or by increasing the pH level.

  7. Albedo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo

    For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle θ i can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms: the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, α ¯ ( θ i ) {\displaystyle {{\bar {\alpha }}(\theta _{i})}} , sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and

  8. Fick's laws of diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick's_laws_of_diffusion

    Fick's first law relates the diffusive flux to the gradient of the concentration. It postulates that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative), or in simplistic terms the concept that a solute will move from a region of high concentration to a region of low ...

  9. Mass diffusivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_diffusivity

    Diffusivity derives its definition from Fick's law and plays a role in numerous other equations of physical chemistry. The diffusivity is generally prescribed for a given pair of species and pairwise for a multi-species system. The higher the diffusivity (of one substance with respect to another), the faster they diffuse into each other.