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2. On Crimes and Punishments - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments

   This humane sentiment is what makes Beccaria appeal for rationality in the laws. Suicide is a crime which seems not to admit of punishment, properly speaking; for it cannot be inflicted but on the innocent, or upon an insensible dead body. In the first case, it is unjust and tyrannical, for political liberty supposes all punishments entirely ...

3. Cesare Beccaria - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria

   For Beccaria, the purpose of punishment is to create a better society, not revenge. Punishment serves to deter others from committing crimes, and to prevent the criminal from repeating his crime. Beccaria argues that punishment should be close in time to the criminal action to maximize the punishment's deterrence value.

4. French Penal Code of 1791 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Penal_Code_of_1791

   The French Penal Code of 1791 was a penal code adopted during the French Revolution by the Constituent Assembly, between 25 September and 6 October 1791.It was France's first penal code, and was influenced by the Enlightenment thinking of Montesquieu and Cesare Beccaria.

5. Zamzar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzar

   The service supports the conversion of documents, images, audio, video, e-Books, CAD files and compressed file formats. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Users can type in a URL or upload one or more files (if they are all of the same format) from their computer; Zamzar will then convert the file(s) to another user-specified format, such as an Adobe PDF file to a ...

6. Classical school (criminology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)

   Therefore, in a rational system, the punishment system must be graduated so that the punishment more closely matches the crime. Punishment is not retribution or revenge because that is morally deficient: the hangman is paying the murder the compliment of imitation. Bentham's ideas strengthened the principles behind the prison system.

7. Principle of legality in French criminal law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_legality_in...

   The principle of legality of punishment and crime was identified and conceptualized in the Enlightenment.It is generally attributed to Cesare Beccaria but Montesquieu indicated that "the judges of the Nation are only the mouth that pronounces the words of the law" [b] as early as 1748, in The Spirit of the Law (French: L'Esprit des lois