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The clan (xeem; 姓) has been a dominant organizing force in Hmong society. [4] There are about eighteen Hmong clans that are known in Laos and Thailand. [5] Clan membership is inherited upon birth or occasionally through adoption.
A Hmong theologian, Rev. Dr. Paul Joseph T. Khamdy Yang has proposed the use of the term "HMong" in reference to the Hmong and the Mong communities by capitalizing the H and the M. The ethnologist Jacques Lemoine has also begun to use the term (H)mong in reference to the entirety of the Hmong and Mong communities.
A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan, [44] with another Han Chinese man of the family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way. [45]
The clans, from which the Hmong take their surnames, are: Chang ... to appropriate sufficient funds to resettle all remaining Hmong in Thailand in the United States. ...
In 1983, Thailand closed Ban Vinai to new arrivals, although several thousand Hmong were able to slip into the camp during the next several years. In 1985, the Thai began to "push back" Hmong and other Lao attempting to cross the border into Thailand and began forcible repatriation of Hmong from Ban Vinai to Laos. [4]
In China, the Chinese pronunciation is Yao. In Vietnam, the Vietnamese language pronounces or sounds out the term as Dao. In Laos and Thailand in the past, speakers copied from China and called the Iu Mien ethnic minority as Yao. But the recent Thai and Lao governments in the early 21st century call the people Iu Mien.
The Hmong make up more than two-thirds of the Lao Sung. Hmong villages in Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand have traditionally been found on mountain or ridge tops, with sites selected according to principles of geomancy. Before the 1970s, villages seldom consisted of more than twenty or thirty households.
Chart shows the peopling of Thailand. Thailand is a country of some 70 ethnic groups, including at least 24 groups of ethnolinguistically Tai peoples, mainly the Central, Southern, Northeastern, and Northern Thais; 22 groups of Austroasiatic peoples, with substantial populations of Northern Khmer and Kuy; 11 groups speaking Sino-Tibetan languages ('hill tribes'), with the largest in population ...