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Cervical cancer screening is a medical screening test designed to identify risk of cervical cancer. Cervical screening may involve looking for viral DNA, and/or to identify abnormal, potentially precancerous cells within the cervix as well as cells that have progressed to early stages of cervical cancer.
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Cervical cancer begins when the cells that line the cervix become abnormal and grow in a pattern that is atypical for non-cancerous cells. [14] Cervical cancer is typically first identified with an abnormal pap smear. [14] The final diagnosis of cervical cancer, including the stage of the cancer, is confirmed with additional testing. [12]
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force said the draft recommendations aim to avoid unnecessary follow-up tests and procedures.
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in any layer of the wall of the cervix. [2] It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that can invade or spread to other parts of the body. [12] Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. [2] Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse. [2]
Cervical cryotherapy. Treatment for CIN 1, mild dysplasia, is not recommended if it lasts fewer than two years. [20] Usually, when a biopsy detects CIN 1, the woman has an HPV infection, which may clear on its own within 12 months. Therefore, it is instead followed for later testing rather than treated. [20]
Cervical conization refers to an excision of a cone-shaped portion of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization is used for diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy and for therapeutic purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells ( cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ) or early stage cervical cancer .
Although most notable for its use in the detection of cervical cancer in the Pap test or Pap smear, it is also used to stain non-gynecological specimen preparations from a variety of bodily secretions and from small needle biopsies of organs and tissues. [4] [5] Papanicolaou published three formulations of this stain in 1942, 1954, and 1960. [2]