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3C 454.3 is a blazar (a type of quasar with a jet oriented toward Earth) located away from the galactic plane.It is one of the brightest gamma ray sources in the sky, [2] and is one of the most luminous astronomical object ever observed, with a maximum absolute magnitude of -31.4. [3]
A blazar is an active galactic nucleus (AGN) with a relativistic jet (a jet composed of ionized matter traveling at nearly the speed of light) directed very nearly towards an observer. Relativistic beaming of electromagnetic radiation from the jet makes blazars appear much brighter than they would be if the jet were pointed in a direction away ...
The object has a redshift of z = 0.034. [5] Mrk 501 is an extremely variable source of gamma rays, undergoing violent outbursts. [5] During an outburst in 1997, it was the brightest object in the sky in the very-high-energy gamma ray region of the spectrum, at energies above 10 11 eV (100 GeV). [6]
PKS 0537-441 is found violently variable on the electromagnetic spectrum at all frequencies, [9] and is a source of gamma ray emission. [10] [11] Between December 2004 and March 2005, it underwent intense activity showing more than 4 magnitudes in a V filter in 50 days and 2.5 in 10 days. [12]
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3C 345 has been known to fluctuate in brightness. For example, it brightened from magnitude 17.2 to 16.0 between 10 April 2018 and 8 May 2018 when observed in R band. [7] A bright GeV gamma-ray flare was observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope on 31 May 2017, as the flux increased by 40 times above average. [8]
Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421) is a blazar located in the constellation Ursa Major. The object is an active galaxy and a BL Lacertae object , and is a strong source of gamma rays . It is about 397 million light-years (redshift: z=0.0308 eq. 122M pc ) [ 2 ] to 434 million light-years (133Mpc) [ 3 ] from the Earth.
The object is an OVV (optically violent variable) quasar, a type of blazar.It belongs to the most energetic subclass of active galactic nuclei, which are produced by the rapid accretion of matter by a central supermassive black hole, changing gravitational energy to light energy that can be visible across cosmic distances.