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The prevalence of red hair in humans varies considerably worldwide. In the United States, about 25% of the human population carries the mutated melanocortin 1 receptor that causes red hair. With one in four people as carriers, the chance of two people having a child with red hair is about 2% (one in 64). [11]
Specifically, redheads have a mutated melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene that produces an altered receptor for MSH. [74] Melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in skin and hair, use the MC1R to recognize and respond to MSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
The five melanocortin receptors are seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors with differing ligand affinities, tissue and cell type expression, and downstream functions. [7] MC1R is expressed on melanocytes , macrophages , epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts , monocytes and numerous other immune cells, but is also present in ...
Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. There are five known members of the melanocortin receptor system [ 1 ] each with differing specificities for melanocortins : [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 ; Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 ; Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 ; Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4 ; Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5 ; Melanocortin/ACTH receptor InterPro: IPR001671. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R, MSHR) Melanocortin 3 receptor ; Melanocortin 4 receptor
Acting through melanocortin 1 receptor, α-MSH stimulates the production and release of melanin (a process referred to as melanogenesis) by melanocytes in skin and hair. [5]: 1210 Acting in the hypothalamus, α-MSH suppresses appetite. [4]: 419 α-MSH secreted in the hypothalamus also contributes to sexual arousal. [6]
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide of the melanocortin family, with a tridecapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH 2.
The melanocortin system is a critical regulator of energy balance, in both feeding behaviors and energy expenditure, [1] as well as peripheral tissues such as skin and hair. [2] This system is a principal nexus of body weight regulation through its role in appetite and energy expenditure via leptin , ghrelin and agouti-related protein .