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Commercial rubidium clocks are less accurate than caesium atomic clocks, which serve as primary frequency standards, so a rubidium clock is usually used as a secondary frequency standard. Commercial rubidium frequency standards operate by disciplining a crystal oscillator to the rubidium hyperfine transition of 6.8 GHz (6 834 682 610.904 Hz).
Atomic clocks based on rubidium standards are therefore regarded as secondary representations of the second. Rubidium standard clocks are prized for their low cost, small size (commercial standards are as small as 1.7 × 10 5 mm 3) [33] and short-term stability. They are used in many commercial, portable and aerospace applications.
The first caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK [1] and promoted worldwide by Gernot M. R. Winkler of the United States Naval Observatory. Caesium atomic clocks are one of the most accurate time and frequency standards, and serve as the primary standard for the definition of the second in ...
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Lab include: Four caesium and rubidium atomic clocks; An innovative time service via telephone line known as Teleclock service was launched on 28 July 2009. [1] After successful commissioning this type of service in Nepal and Saudi Arabia, initiation of similar service in SAARC countries are being ...
English: "Microchip MAC-SA5X miniaturized rubidium atomic clock produces a stable time and frequency reference that maintains a high degree of synchronization to a reference clock, such as a GNSS-derived signal, despite static g-forces or other factors ... measuring only 2 inch by 2 inch and standing less than an inch"
Download QR code; Print/export ... 18 cesium atomic clocks and 4 hydrogen maser clocks ... National Standard Time and Frequency Laboratory;
The CSAC, the world's smallest atomic clock, is 4 x 3.5 x 1 cm (1.5 x 1.4 x 0.4 inches) in size, weighs 35 grams, consumes only 115 mW of power, and can keep time to within 100 microseconds per day after several years of operation. A more stable design based on the vibration of rubidium atoms was demonstrated by NIST in 2019. [5]
Products included hydrogen masers, rubidium and cesium atomic standards, temperature and oven controlled crystal oscillators, miniature and chip scale atomic clocks, network time servers, network sync management systems, cable timekeeping solutions, telecom synchronization supply units (SSUs), and timing test sets.