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  2. Percoll - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percoll

    Percoll itself specifically consists of polydisperse silica nanoparticles 15–30 nm diameter (23% w/w in water) which have been coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Percoll is well suited for density gradient experiments because it possesses a low viscosity compared to alternatives, a low osmolarity , and no toxicity towards cells and their ...

  3. Buoyant density centrifugation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyant_density_centrifugation

    Historically a cesium chloride (CsCl) solution was often used, but more commonly used density gradients are sucrose or Percoll.This application requires a solution with high density and yet relatively low viscosity, and CsCl suits it because of its high solubility in water, high density owing to the large mass of Cs, as well as low viscosity and high stability of CsCl solutions.

  4. Electrochemical gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient

    An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane. The electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane.

  5. Vector calculus identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities

    The curl of the gradient of any continuously twice-differentiable scalar field (i.e., differentiability class) is always the zero vector: =. It can be easily proved by expressing ∇ × ( ∇ φ ) {\displaystyle \nabla \times (\nabla \varphi )} in a Cartesian coordinate system with Schwarz's theorem (also called Clairaut's theorem on equality ...

  6. Today’s NYT ‘Strands’ Hints, Spangram and Answers for Friday ...

    www.aol.com/today-nyt-strands-hints-spangram...

    According to the New York Times, here's exactly how to play Strands: Find theme words to fill the board. Theme words stay highlighted in blue when found.

  7. NYT ‘Connections’ Hints and Answers Today, Wednesday, February 12

    www.aol.com/nyt-connections-hints-answers-today...

    Today's Connections Game Answers for Wednesday, February 12, 2025: 1. DOCUMENTS OF OWNERSHIP: CERTIFICATE, DEED, RECEIPT, TITLE 2. BITS IN A VARIETY SHOW: DANCE ...

  8. In Congress, what’s the difference between a budget ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/congress-difference-between-budget...

    There’s understandable confusion over Capitol Hill lingo discussing the budget process and appropriations and spending process — which are two distinct things.

  9. Marangoni effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangoni_effect

    The Marangoni stress (/), i.e., gradient in the surface tension due gradient in the surfactant concentration (from high in the centre of the expanding patch, to zero far from the patch). The viscous shear stress is simply the viscosity times the gradient in shear velocity ∼ μ ( u / l ) {\displaystyle \sim \mu (u/l)} , for l {\displaystyle l ...