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Ecological systems theory is a broad term used to capture the theoretical contributions of developmental psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner. [1] Bronfenbrenner developed the foundations of the theory throughout his career, [2] published a major statement of the theory in American Psychologist, [3] articulated it in a series of propositions and hypotheses in his most cited book, The Ecology of ...
The exosystem defines the larger social system in which the child does not directly function. The structures in this layer impact the child's development by interacting with some structure in his/her microsystem. [12] Parent workplace schedules or community-based family resources are examples.
The microsystem describes environments such as home or school in which children spend significant time interacting. Mesosystems are interrelations between microsystems. The exosystem describes events that have important indirect influence on development (e.g., a parent consistently working late). [19]
He was appointed to a federal panel about development in impoverished children around 1964 and 1965, with this panel helping in the creation of Head Start in 1965. [ 8 ] Bronfenbrenner wrote over 300 research papers and 14 books, [ 11 ] and achieved the title of Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Human Development at Cornell University .
Also called "development in context" or "human ecology" theory, ecological systems theory was originally formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner.It specifies four types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems; they are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.
Children who achieve "success in school or games might develop a feeling of competence." The "peril during this period is that feelings of inadequacy and inferiority will develop. [126] Parents and teachers can "undermine" a child's development by failing to recognize accomplishments or being overly critical of a child's efforts. [127]