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Phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc) is a large, aromatic, macrocyclic, organic compound with the formula (C 8 H 4 N 2) 4 H 2 and is of theoretical or specialized interest in chemical dyes and photoelectricity. It is composed of four isoindole units [ a ] linked by a ring of nitrogen atoms.
Common side effects include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), allergic reactions, pain at the injection site, and weight gain. [76] It appears to be safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [77] Insulin detemir works by increasing the amount of glucose absorbed by tissues and reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. [76]
GLUT4 has a Km value for glucose of about 5 mM, which as stated above is the normal blood glucose level in healthy individuals. GLUT4 is the most abundant glucose transporter in skeletal muscle and is thus considered to be rate limiting for glucose uptake and metabolism in resting muscles. [ 8 ]
Glucose homeostasis, when operating normally, restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L (79 to 110 mg/dL) (as measured by a fasting blood glucose test). [ 10 ] The global mean fasting plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); [ 11 ] [ 12 ] however, this level fluctuates throughout ...
The 15th and 16th chlorides are difficult to install. The chemical formula usually ranges from C 32 H 3 Cl 13 CuN 8 to C 32 HCl 15 CuN 8. Due to the presence of strongly electronegative chlorine substituents, the absorption spectrum is shifted from that of the parent copper phthalocyanine.
Less glucose is absorbed because the carbohydrates are not broken down into glucose molecules. In diabetic patients, the short-term effect of these drugs therapies is to decrease current blood glucose levels: the long-term effect is a small reduction in hemoglobin A1c level.
If blood glucose values rise over 180 mg/dL for any period of time, the kidney cannot re-absorb all glucose back into the blood, leading to increased excretion in the urine . [11] As a result, blood levels of 1,5-AG decrease immediately, and continue to decrease until glucose values go below 180 mg/dL. [ 12 ]
The substance, IUPAC name (29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2−)-N29,N30,N31,N32)copper(II), is known by many names [2] such as monastral blue, phthalo blue, helio blue, [3] thalo blue, Winsor blue, [4] phthalocyanine blue, C.I. Pigment Blue 15:2, [5] [6] copper phthalocyanine blue, [7] copper tetrabenzoporphyrazine, [8] Cu-phthaloblue, [9] P.B.15.2, [10] [11] [12] C.I. 74160, [13] [14] [15] and ...