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Subsea valves are used in sub-marine environments, which can range in depth from shallow water (usually down to a depth of 75 meters) to deep water (down to 3500 meters). [1] Various industries use subsea valves, with the oil and gas sector accounting for the majority, where there is a need to move material from, to, or below the seabed.
SS – subsea, as in a datum of depth, e.g. TVDSS (true vertical depth subsea) [citation needed] SSCC – sulphide stress corrosion cracking; SSCP – subsea cryogenic pipeline; SSCS – subsea control system; SSD – sub-sea level depth (in metres or feet, positive value in downwards direction with respect to the geoid [citation needed])
A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.
A typical subsea deepwater blowout preventer system includes components such as electrical and hydraulic lines, control pods, hydraulic accumulators, test valve, kill and choke lines and valves, riser joint, hydraulic connectors, and a support frame. Two categories of blowout preventer are most prevalent: ram and annular. BOP stacks frequently ...
Subsea technology involves fully submerged ocean equipment, operations, or applications, especially when some distance offshore, in deep ocean waters, or on the seabed. The term subsea is frequently used in connection with oceanography, marine or ocean engineering, ocean exploration, remotely operated vehicle (ROVs) autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), submarine communications or power ...
Sub-systems of Subsea trees, might also be further customized to fit individual well needs. Subsea trees may range in size and weight from a few tons to approximately 70 tons for high pressure, deepwater (deeper than 3,000 ft or 910 m) guidelineless applications. Subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories compared to surface trees.
An FPSO vessel is designed to receive hydrocarbons produced by itself or from nearby platforms or subsea template, process them, and store oil until it can be offloaded onto a tanker or, less frequently, transported through a pipeline. FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install, and do not require a local ...
A DIN standard for gas cylinder valves for test pressures up to 300 bar (4,400 psi). EN 15202 [9] A European standard for LPG equipment and accessories, specifying LPG cylinder valve connections. [10] EN 417: European norm specification concerning non-refillable metallic cartridges for liquefied petroleum gases.