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Several HIF-PHIs, including roxadustat, daprodustat, vadadustat, molidustat, and enarodustat, have been approved in various countries for the treatment of renal anemia. [3] [4] While these drugs have demonstrated promising results in clinical trials, ongoing research is focused on evaluating their long-term safety profile, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes, thromboembolic events ...
Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood. [ 14 ] [ 3 ] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower.
A general side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is loss of potassium due to this function. By excreting bicarbonate, the blood becomes acidic, causing compensatory hyperventilation with deep respiration (Kussmaul breathing), increasing levels of oxygen and decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. [22]
Adaptations in particular in the turtle's blood composition and shell allow it to tolerate high levels of lactic acid accumulation. In the anoxic conditions where fermentation is dominant, calcium levels in the blood plasma increase. [23] This calcium serves as a buffer, reacting with the excess lactate to form the precipitate calcium lactate ...
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate (HCO − 3), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.
A bolus intravenous dose of 10 or 20 mg of furosemide can be administered and then followed by intravenous bolus of 2 or 3% hypertonic saline to increase the serum sodium level. [ 12 ] Pulmonary edema - Slow intravenous bolus dose of 40 to 80 mg furosemide at 4 mg per minute is indicated for patients with fluid overload and pulmonary edema.
Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the human body's normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38). [1]
Acid–base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.32 to 7.42 [16]). An abnormally low pH in the extracellular fluid is called an acidemia and an abnormally high pH is called an alkalemia. [citation needed]