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In mathematics, and in particular, algebra, a generalized inverse (or, g-inverse) of an element x is an element y that has some properties of an inverse element but not necessarily all of them. The purpose of constructing a generalized inverse of a matrix is to obtain a matrix that can serve as an inverse in some sense for a wider class of ...
The ginv function calculates a pseudoinverse using the singular value decomposition provided by the svd function in the base R package. An alternative is to employ the pinv function available in the pracma package. The Octave programming language provides a pseudoinverse through the standard package function pinv and the pseudo_inverse() method.
If f: X → Y, a left inverse for f (or retraction of f) is a function g: Y → X such that composing f with g from the left gives the identity function [20] = . That is, the function g satisfies the rule
The product logarithm Lambert W function plotted in the complex plane from −2 − 2i to 2 + 2i The graph of y = W(x) for real x < 6 and y > −4. The upper branch (blue) with y ≥ −1 is the graph of the function W 0 (principal branch), the lower branch (magenta) with y ≤ −1 is the graph of the function W −1. The minimum value of x is ...
In calculus, the inverse function rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the inverse of a bijective and differentiable function f in terms of the derivative of f. More precisely, if the inverse of f {\displaystyle f} is denoted as f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} , where f − 1 ( y ) = x {\displaystyle f^{-1}(y)=x} if and only if f ...
The inverse function theorem can also be generalized to differentiable maps between Banach spaces X and Y. [20] Let U be an open neighbourhood of the origin in X and F : U → Y {\displaystyle F:U\to Y\!} a continuously differentiable function, and assume that the Fréchet derivative d F 0 : X → Y {\displaystyle dF_{0}:X\to Y\!} of F at 0 is ...
representing the area between the rectangular hyperbola = and the x-axis, was a logarithmic function, whose base was eventually discovered to be the transcendental number e. The modern notation for the value of this definite integral is ln ( x ) {\displaystyle \ln(x)} , the natural logarithm.
In mathematics, the Drazin inverse, named after Michael P. Drazin, is a kind of generalized inverse of a matrix. Let A be a square matrix. The index of A is the least nonnegative integer k such that rank(A k+1) = rank(A k). The Drazin inverse of A is the unique matrix A D that satisfies