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Some medieval Islamic compartmented water wheels could lift water as high as 30 metres (100 ft). [88] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's Kitab al-Hawi in the 10th century described a noria in Iraq that could lift as much as 153,000 litres per hour (34,000 imp gal/h), or 2,550 litres per minute (560 imp gal/min).
Watermill of Braine-le-Château, Belgium (12th century) Interior of the Lyme Regis watermill, UK (14th century). A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower.It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering.
These include all three variants of the vertical water wheel as well as the horizontal water wheel. [8] Apart from its main use in grinding flour, water-power was also applied to pounding grain, [9] crushing ore, [10] sawing stones [11] and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces. [12]
Mill-channel, woodwork of three vertical water-wheels Old Windsor II [10] England: 9th or 10th century Mill-channel, horizontal-wheeled mill Raunds, West Cotton [26] England: Late Saxon Leat, sluice gate, chute, stake and wattle lined and stone surfaced wheel-pit Tamworth [10] England: Between 846 and 864 Entire establishment Dasing [27 ...
The greater part of Italy uses an unshod pestle and also wheels which water turns as it flows past, and a trip-hammer [mola]". While some scholars have viewed this passage to mean a watermill, [19] later scholarship argued that mola must refer to water-powered trip hammers which were used for the pounding and hulling of grain.
A tide mill is a water mill driven by tidal rise and fall. A dam with a sluice is created across a suitable tidal inlet, or a section of river estuary is made into a reservoir . As the tide comes in, it enters the mill pond through a one-way gate, and this gate closes automatically when the tide begins to fall.
In most watermills, the water wheel was mounted vertically, i.e., edge-on, in the water, but in some cases it was aligned horizontally (the tub wheel and so-called Norse wheel). Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron turbines, which were sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills.
The Norias of Hama (Arabic: نواعير حماة) are a series of 17 norias, historic water-raising machines for irrigation, along the Orontes River in the city of Hama, Syria. They are tall water wheels with box-like water collection compartments embedded around their rims. As the river flows, it pushes these water collection boxes under ...